Is the Presidents job to appoint judges for what high court?

This page provides an overview of the number of federal judges appointed by each president, a historical comparison of presidential judgeship appointments from 1933 to 2021, and a comparison of appointments over fourth dimension by president and courtroom blazon from 1945 to 2022. The historical comparisons are updated at the end of a presidency, and the data on appointments over time is updated monthly.

Every bit of the monthly federal vacancy count report for April ane, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) had made 58 Commodity III judicial appointments.^[1]

HIGHLIGHTS

President Ronald Reagan (R) appointed the most federal judges during his presidency from 1981 to 1989 with 402 confirmations.^[2] ^[3]

Presidents Bill Clinton (D) and George W. Bush (R) followed with 387 confirmations and 340 confirmations, respectively.^[3]

President William Henry Harrison (Whig), who died a month into his presidency in 1841, is the just president to make no federal judicial appointments.

President Jimmy Carter (D) fabricated the well-nigh judicial appointments relative to his tenure in the White House. He averaged 65.v judicial appointments per year during his one term in function.

President George Washington fabricated the most appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court, appointing 10 judges to the Court. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed eight justices during his four terms in part.^[iv]

To read more about how judicial vacancies are filled by the president, click here.

Total judicial appointments by president

The post-obit nautical chart shows the total judgeship appointments made by each president from 1901 to 2021.

The following chart shows the judgeship appointments by court fabricated by each president from 1901 to 2021. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is abbreviated as USCAFC. The U.S. Court of Federal Claims, previously known as the U.S. Court of Claims, is abbreviated USCFC.

The following nautical chart shows the average number of judicial appointments per year in role by presidents from 1901 to 2021.

Active Commodity III judges by appointing president

This information includes current federal judges and does not reflect the full number of judges appointed past each president.

Comparing of Article III judicial appointments by president (April 1, Yr 2)

The chart below details the number of Article III judicial appointments during each president'due south outset term at four specific dates: on their inauguration twenty-four hour period (January 20th), April 1 of the 2nd year, Dec 31 of the second year, and December 31 of the fourth year. It includes Presidents Ronald Reagan (R) through Joe Biden (D).

The average number of judicial appointees per president through April i of the second year is 39.
President Joe Biden (D) fabricated the almost appointments through April 1 of his second year with 58, followed by President Ronald Reagan (R) with 54. President Barack Obama (D) made the fewest with xix.
President Donald Trump (R) made the about appointments through four years with 234. President Ronald Reagan (R) made the fewest through four years with 166.

Article III judicial appointments over time
President	Inauguration 24-hour interval	April 1, 2d year	Terminate of second yr	December 31 of fourth year
Joe Biden	0	58	TBD	TBD
Donald Trump	0	29	85	234
Barack Obama	0	nineteen	62	173
George W. Bush	0	42	100	204
Bill Clinton	0	46	128	203
George H.W. Bush	0	23	71	193
Ronald Reagan	0	54	88	166

Comparison of Article 3 judicial appointments over time by president and court type (Apr 1, Yr ii)

Equally of April ane, 2022, the breakdown of Article 3 judges is as follows:

Supreme Court of the United States: nine justices
United States court of appeals: 179 judgeships
United States commune courtroom: 677 judgeships
United States Court of International Merchandise: nine judgeships

The table and nautical chart below testify the number of Article III judges confirmed by the U.South. Senate under each of the last 7 presidents as of April 1 of their second yr in office. The confirmations are cleaved upwards by court type.

The median number of Supreme Courtroom appointees is one. Four presidents (Reagan, Clinton, Obama, and Trump) made ane appointment. 3 presidents (H.W. Bush, Due west. Bush, and Biden) had not appointed any.
The median number of United States Court of Appeals appointees is eight. President Biden had the most appointees with fifteen, followed past President Trump with fourteen. President Clinton appointed the fewest with four.
The median number of United States District Court appointees is 35. President Biden had the near appointees with 43, followed by President Reagan with 40. President Obama appointed the fewest with 11.

First-term judicial confirmations through Apr 1 of a president'south second yr
President	Supreme: Inauguration solar day	Appeals: Inauguration day	District: Inauguration mean solar day	Other: Inauguration twenty-four hours	Total: Inauguration mean solar day	Supreme: April 1, second year	Appeals: April 1, 2nd yr	District: April 1, second year	Other: Apr 1, second year	Full: April 1, second twelvemonth	Supreme: End of 2nd twelvemonth	Appeals: Finish of second year	District: Finish of second year	Other: End of 2d year	Total: End of second year	Supreme: Dec 31 of fourth year	Appeals: Dec 31 of quaternary year	District: December 31 of fourth year	Other: Dec 31 of fourth year	Total: December 31 of 4th twelvemonth
Joe Biden	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	43	0	58	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD
Donald Trump	0	0	0	0	0	1	xiv	14	0	29	ii	thirty	53	0	85	3	54	174	3	234
Barack Obama	0	0	0	0	0	1	7	11	0	19	2	16	44	0	62	2	30	141	0	173
George W. Bush	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	35	0	42	0	17	83	0	100	0	35	168	1	204
Bill Clinton	0	0	0	0	0	1	four	41	0	46	2	nineteen	107	0	128	two	xxx	169	two	203
George H.W. Bush	0	0	0	0	0	0	8	15	0	23	1	22	48	0	71	2	42	148	1	193
Ronald Reagan	0	0	0	0	0	1	thirteen	40	0	54	one	19	68	0	88	1	33	129	3	166

Appeals courtroom confirmations

The chart below shows the number of appeals courtroom judges confirmed by the U.S. Senate through April 1 of the 2nd year of each president'southward term in office. At this indicate in the term, President Biden had the most appeals court appointments with fifteen, followed by PresidentTrump with fourteen. President Reagan had 13, H.W. Bush-league had eight, Presidents Obama and Westward. Bush had 7, and President Clinton had 4.

District court confirmations

The nautical chart below shows the number of district court judges confirmed by the U.Southward. Senate through Apr 1 of the second year of each president's term in part. At this indicate in the term, President Biden had the most district court appointments with 43, followed past President Clinton with 41. President Obama had appointed the fewest with 11.

Appointments past president

Joe Biden

As of March 31, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) has made 58 judicial appointments. Biden announced his intent to nominate Judge Ketanji Chocolate-brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Courtroom on February 25, 2022, and officially nominated her on February 28, 2022.

Donald Trump

During his term in part, President Donald Trump fabricated 234 judicial appointments. Trump nominated Judges Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. All three were confirmed.

For a full list of the president's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past Donald Trump.

Barack Obama

During his 2 terms in office, President Barack Obama made 334 judicial appointments.^[five] He nominated three individuals to serve every bit justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, but only had 2 confirmed: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. Merrick Garland, President Obama's concluding nominee to the Supreme Court, had no activity taken in the U.S. Senate on his nomination.

For a full list of President Obama'southward nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Barack Obama.

George Due west. Bush

During his two terms in office, President George W. Bush fabricated 340 judicial appointments.^[5] He nominated iii individuals to the Supreme Courtroom, but just had 2 confirmed: Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Samuel Alito. Harriet Miers withdrew her nomination earlier the confirmation process began.

For a full list of the President Bush-league's nominees, meet: Federal judges nominated by George W. Bush. For archived data from The White House on his nominees, run into: The White House President George W. Bush.

Neb Clinton

During his two terms in part, President Bill Clinton fabricated 378 judicial appointments.^[5] Amongst those were two justices nominated (and confirmed) to the Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer.

For a full list of the President Clinton's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Bill Clinton.

George H.West. Bush

During his term in office, President George H.West. Bush-league made 194 judicial appointments.^[v] He nominated (and had confirmed) ii justices of the Supreme Court: David Souter and Clarence Thomas.

For a full list of the President Bush-league's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past George H.Westward. Bush.

Ronald Reagan

During his two terms in office, President Ronald Reagan made 384 judicial appointments.^[five] Among those were five nominees (and four confirmations) to the Supreme Court: Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, Anthony M. Kennedy, Sandra Day O'Connor and Antonin Scalia. Robert Bork's nomination was rejected past a Senate vote of 58-42.^[6]

For a full listing of the President Reagan'due south nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Ronald Reagan.

Jimmy Carter

During his term in office, President Carter made 262 judicial appointments.^[5] He did not have the opportunity to nominate whatever justices to the Supreme Court.

For a full list of President Carter's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Jimmy Carter.

Gerald Ford

During his term in office, President Ford made 65 judicial appointments.^[v] Amid that low number was Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens.

For a full list of President Ford'southward nominees, come across: Federal judges nominated past Gerald Ford.

Richard Nixon

During his terms in office, President Nixon fabricated 232 judicial appointments.^[5] He nominated six individuals to the Supreme Court and four were confirmed: Chief Justice Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist. Clement Haynsworth, Jr. was rejected by a Senate vote of 45-55, while G. Harrold Carswell was rejected by a vote of 45-51.^[7]

For a full list of President Nixon's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Richard Nixon.

Lyndon Johnson

During his term in role, President Johnson fabricated 176 judicial appointments.^[5] He nominated three individuals to the Supreme Court and two were confirmed: Abe Fortas and Thurgood Marshall. In 1968, Johnson nominated Associate Justice Fortas to succeed Chief Justice Earl Warren and simultaneously nominated Homer Thornberry to succeed Fortas. Subsequently Fortas withdrew his nomination for Master Justice, the nomination of Thornberry was voided.^[7]

For a full list of Johnson'south nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Lyndon Johnson.

John Kennedy

During his fractional term in role, President Kennedy made 124 judicial appointments.^[v] He nominated and had confirmed 2 justices of the Supreme Court: Arthur Goldberg and Byron White.

For a full list of Johnson's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past John F. Kennedy.

Dwight Eisenhower

During his terms in part, President Eisenhower made 180 judicial appointments.^[five] He nominated five individuals to the Supreme Court: Chief Justice Earl Warren, William Brennan, John Harlan, Potter Stewart and Charles Whittaker.

For a full list of Eisenhower's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Dwight Eisenhower.

Harry Truman

During his terms in office, President Truman made 137 judicial appointments.^[5] He nominated four justices to the Supreme Courtroom: Main Justice Fred Vinson, Harold Burton, Tom Clark and Sherman Minton.

For a full list of Truman's nominees, come across: Federal judges nominated by Harry Truman.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

During his iv terms in office, Roosevelt made 204 judicial appointments.^[5] He likewise nominated 9 justices to the Supreme Court: Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Rock, Hugo Black, James Byrnes, William Douglas, Felix Frankfurter, Robert H. Jackson, Frank Murphy, Stanley Reed and Wiley Rutledge.

For a total list of Roosevelt's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Herbert Hoover

During his term in office, President Hoover nominated 62 judges to the federal courts. He nominated four individuals to the Supreme Courtroom, three of whom were confirmed: Chief Justice Charles Hughes, Benjamin Cardozo and Owen Roberts. John Parker'south nomination was rejected by a Senate vote of 39-41.^[seven]

For a full list of Hoover'southward nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past Herbert Hoover.

Calvin Coolidge

During his terms in office, President Coolidge nominated 78 federal judges. He nominated just one Supreme Courtroom Justice, Harlan Fiske Rock.

For a full listing of Coolidge's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Calvin Coolidge.

Warren Harding

During his term in office, President Harding nominated 52 judges to the federal courts. Among those judges, 4 were nominated to the Supreme Court, including: one-time President William Howard Taft as Master Justice, Pierce Butler, Edward Sanford and George Sutherland.

For a full listing of Harding's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated past Warren Harding.

Woodrow Wilson

During his terms in office, President Wilson nominated 71 federal judges. Three justices were nominated (and confirmed) to the Supreme Court: Louis Brandeis, John Clarke and James McReynolds.

For a total list of Wilson's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Woodrow Wilson.

William Howard Taft

During his term in office, President William Howard Taft nominated 56 judges to the federal courts. He also nominated vi justices to the Supreme Court: Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, Willis Van Devanter, Charles Hughes, Joseph Lamar, Horace Lurton and Mahlon Pitney. Taft is the only President of the United states of america to accept served on the Supreme Courtroom every bit well. He was appointed Master Justice past Warren Harding.

For a full listing of Taft's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by William Howard Taft.

Theodore Roosevelt

During his terms in function, President Theodore Roosevelt nominated 74 federal judges. He also nominated three justices to the Supreme Courtroom: William 24-hour interval, Oliver Wendell Holmes and William Moody.

For a full list of Roosevelt'southward nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by Theodore Roosevelt.

William McKinley

During his terms in role, President William McKinley nominated 35 judges to the federal courts. But ane of those judges was a Supreme Courtroom Justice, Joseph McKenna.

For a full list of President McKinley's nominees, see: Federal judges nominated by William McKinley.

Grover Cleveland

During his two non-consecutive terms in part, President Grover Cleveland nominated 41 federal judges. Overall, he nominated six individuals to the Supreme Court, though merely four were confirmed: Principal Justice Melville Weston Fuller, Lucius Lamar, Rufus Peckham and Edward Douglass White. In his 2d term William Hornblower was rejected past a Senate vote of 24-xxx, while Wheeler Peckham (Rufus' blood brother) was rejected past a vote of 32-41.^[7]

For a full list of judges nominated past President Cleveland, come across: Federal judges nominated by Grover Cleveland.

Benjamin Harrison

During his term in office, President Benjamin Harrison nominated 42 judges to federal courts. Of those judges, four joined the Supreme Court: David Brewer, Henry Brown (Louisiana), Howell Jackson and George Shiras.

For a full list of judges nominated by President Harrison, encounter: Federal judges nominated by Benjamin Harrison.

Chester Arthur

During his term in office, President Chester Arthur nominated 19 federal judges. He nominated three individuals to serve on the Supreme Courtroom, though Roscoe Conkling declined the offering. Horace Grey and Samuel Blatchford joined the court.^[vii]

For a full listing of judges nominated past President Arthur, see: Federal judges nominated past Chester Arthur.

James Garfield

During his yr in role, President James Garfield nominated only 5 judges to the federal courts. Though only five judges were nominated to serve, i was Stanley Matthews, who was confirmed in 1881.^[7]

For a full listing of judges nominated by President Arthur, see: Federal judges nominated by James Garfield.

Rutherford B. Hayes

During his term in office, President Rutherford B. Hayes nominated 22 federal judges. He nominated three individuals to the Supreme Court and 2 were confirmed, John Harlan and William Woods. At that place was no action on the nomination of Stanley Matthews, who was later nominated and confirmed under the assistants of James Garfield.

For a full list of judges nominated past President Hayes, meet: Federal judges nominated by Rutherford B. Hayes.

Ulysses Grant

During his ii terms in function, President Ulysses Grant nominated 46 judges to the federal courts. 8 individuals were nominated to the Supreme Court, though only five were confirmed: Chief Justice Morrison Waite, Edwin Stanton, William Strong, Joseph Bradley and Ward Hunt. The nomination of Ebenezer Hoar was rejected by the Senate, while those of George Williams and Caleb Cushing were withdrawn. Edwin Stanton died between his confirmation and the beginning of his term.^[7]

For a full list of judges nominated by President Grant, see: Federal judges nominated past Ulysses Grant.

Andrew Johnson

During the term of President Andrew Johnson, he nominated nine federal judges. He nominated but one person to the Supreme Court, Henry Stanberry, and there was no activity taken on it by the Senate.

For a full listing of judges nominated by President Johnson, see: Federal judges nominated past Andrew Johnson.

Abraham Lincoln

During his terms in office, President Abraham Lincoln nominated 32 judges to the federal courts. He nominated v justices to the Supreme Court, all of whom were confirmed: Chief Justice Salmon Chase, David Davis, Stephen Field, Samuel Miller and Noah Swayne.

For a full listing of judges nominated past President Lincoln, come across: Federal judges nominated past Abraham Lincoln.

James Buchanan

During his term in office, President James Buchanan nominated viii federal judges. He nominated two individuals to the Supreme Court and only one was confirmed: Nathan Clifford. The nomination of Jeremiah Black was rejected by a Senate vote of 25-26.^[7]

For a full list of judges nominated by President Buchanan, see: Federal judges nominated by James Buchanan.

Franklin Pierce

During his term in office, President Franklin Pierce nominated 16 judges to the federal courts. He nominated ane justice to the Supreme Courtroom: John Campbell.

For a full list of judges nominated by President Pierce, encounter: Federal judges nominated by Franklin Pierce.

Millard Fillmore

During his term in office, President Millard Fillmore nominated 5 federal judges. He nominated four individual to the Supreme Court though only i was confirmed: Benjamin Curtis. No action was taken on the nominations of Edward Bradford and William Micou, while the nomination of George Badger was withdrawn.^[seven]

For a full listing of judges nominated by President Fillmore, see: Federal judges nominated by Millard Fillmore.

Zachary Taylor

During his yr in office, President Zachary Taylor nominated iv judges to the federal courts. He did non have the opportunity to nominate any justices to the Supreme Court.

For a total list of judges nominated by President Taylor, see: Federal judges nominated past Zachary Taylor.

James Polk

During his term in function, President James Polk nominated 10 federal judges. Three judges were nominated to the Supreme Court and two were confirmed: Levi Woodbury and Robert Grier. George Woodward was rejected by a Senate vote of xx-29.

For a full list of judges nominated by President Polk, run across: Federal judges nominated by James Polk.

John Tyler

During his term in office, President John Tyler nominated 7 judges to the federal courts. He nominated five different individuals to the Supreme Court though simply ane was confirmed: Samuel Nelson. John Spencer was nominated twice in 1844, the first time his nomination was rejected by a Senate vote of 21-26 and the second time information technology was withdrawn. Reuben Walworth was nominated three times; twice the nominations were withdrawn and once in that location was no activity. Edward King was nominated twice; once a vote was postponed, the second time it was withdrawn. Lastly, John Read was nominated in 1845 and no action was taken in the Senate.^[7]

For a full list of judges nominated by President Tyler, run across: Federal judges nominated by John Tyler.

William Henry Harrison

During his month in office, President William Henry Harrison did not have the opportunity to nominate whatever federal judges.

Martin Van Buren

During his term in office, President Martin Van Buren nominated 10 federal judges. He nominated two justices to the Supreme Courtroom, both of whom were confirmed: John McKinley and Peter Daniel.

For a full listing of judges nominated by President Van Buren, see: Federal judges nominated by Martin Van Buren.

Andrew Jackson

During his two terms in office, President Andrew Jackson nominated 23 judges to the federal courts. He nominated vii justices to the Supreme Court, six of whom were confirmed: Master Justice Roger Taney, Henry Baldwin, Phillip Barbour, John Catron, John McLean and James Wayne. William Smith was nominated merely declined the position.^[7]

For a total listing of judges nominated by President Jackson, see: Federal judges nominated by Andrew Jackson.

John Quincy Adams

During his term in office, President John Quincy Adams nominated 12 federal judges. He nominated 2 individuals to the Supreme Court, though only one was confirmed: Robert Trimble (Supreme Court). John Crittenden was nominated, only never joined the court.^[7]

For a total list of judges nominated past President Quincy Adams, see: Federal judges nominated by John Quincy Adams.

James Monroe

During his terms in office, President James Monroe nominated 22 judges to the federal courts. One justice was nominated and confirmed to the Supreme Court: Smith Thompson.

For a full list of judges nominated by President James Monroe, see: Federal judges nominated by James Monroe.

James Madison

During his terms in office, President James Madison nominated 13 federal judges. He nominated 5 individuals to the Supreme Court and two were confirmed: Joseph Story and Gabriel Duvall. Both Levi Lincoln and John Quincy Adams denied their nominations, and Alexander Wolcott's nomination was rejected by a nine-24 Senate vote.^[7]

For a full listing of judges nominated by President James Monroe, see: Federal judges nominated past James Madison.

Thomas Jefferson

During his terms in role, President Thomas Jefferson nominated 13 judges to the federal courts. Three justices were nominated and confirmed to the Supreme Court: William Johnson, Jr., H. Brockholst Livingston and Thomas Todd.

For a total list of judges nominated by President Thomas Jefferson, see: Federal judges nominated past Thomas Jefferson.

John Adams

During his term in role, President John Adams nominated 23 federal judges. 3 justices were nominated to the Supreme Court: Chief Justice John Marshall, Alfred Moore and Bushrod Washington.

For a total listing of judges nominated by President Adams, see: Federal judges nominated past John Adams.

George Washington

During his terms in office, President George Washington nominated 38 judges to the federal courts.

The kickoff Justices nominated to the Supreme Court were: Primary Justice John Jay, Principal Justice John Rutledge, John Blair, William Cushing, and James Wilson. Robert Harrison was nominated and declined the position.^[vii]

When the Senate reconvened in December 1795, information technology rejected Rutledge'south nomination with a ten-14 vote. Thomas Johnson succeeded Rutledge.^[7]

Washington's afterward nominees were William Paterson, Samuel Hunt and Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth.

For a full list of judges nominated by President Washington, run across: Federal judges nominated past George Washington.

The federal nomination procedure

Federal judges are nominated by the president of the Usa and confirmed by the Senate. In that location are multiple steps to the process:

The president nominates an individual for a judicial seat.
The nominee fills out a questionnaire and is reviewed by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
The Senate Judiciary Committee holds a hearing with the nominee, questioning them about things like their judicial philosophy, past rulings or opinions, etc.

As part of this process, the committee sends a blue slip to senators from the domicile state in which the judicial nomination was received, assuasive them to express their approval or disapproval of the nominee.

Afterwards the hearing, the Senate Judiciary Committee volition vote to approve or return the nominee.

If approved, the nominee is voted on past the total Senate.
If the Committee votes to render the nominee to the president, the president has the opportunity to re-nominate the individual.

The Senate holds a vote on the candidate.

If the Senate confirms the nomination, the nominee receives a commission to serve a lifelong position every bit a federal gauge.
If the Senate does not confirm the nomination, that nominee does not become a judge.

See likewise

Supreme Courtroom Chief Justices
Judicial Branch

External links

Search Google News for this topic
Us Courts, Judges and Judgeships: Appointments by President

Footnotes

↑ Annotation: This effigy is updated at the start of each calendar month.
↑ Total confirmations counts separately the confirmations of judges appointed more than than once.
↑ ^three.0 ^three.1 United States Courts, "Judgeship Appointments by Presidents," accessed December 26, 2018
↑ United States Senate, "Supreme Court Nominations," accessed December 26, 2018
↑ ^v.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^five.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^v.08 ^five.09 ^five.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 The states Courts, "Judgeship Appointments by President," accessed January xviii, 2019
↑ Library of Congress, Senate Floor Vote on the Confirmation of Robert Bork
↑ ^seven.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^vii.04 ^7.05 ^seven.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^seven.x ^vii.11 ^7.12 ^7.thirteen ^{seven.fourteen} Us Senate, Supreme Court Nominations, nowadays-1789

five•e Federal judges as nominated by U.South. presidents

Federal judicial appointments past president • Washington • Adams • Jefferson • Madison • Monroe • Quincy Adams • Jackson • Van Buren • Harrison • Tyler • Polk • Taylor • Fillmore • Pierce • Buchanan • Lincoln • A. Johnson • Grant • Hayes • Garfield • Arthur • Cleveland • Harrison • McKinley • T. Roosevelt • Taft • Wilson • Harding • Coolidge • Hoover • F. Roosevelt • Truman • Eisenhower • Kennedy • L. Johnson • Nixon • Ford • Carter • Reagan • H.W. Bush • Clinton • W. Bush • Obama • Trump • Biden

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